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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">102</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:73abe0ce-d97c-5d7c-bee5-b8e6e6fe6a17</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">ARPHA Preprints</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">preprints</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/arphapreprints.e144823</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">144823</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Methods</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="biological_taxon">
          <subject>Fungi</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Molecular ecology</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="geographical_area">
          <subject>Asia</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of homogenization methods on lichen species detection from environmental DNA metabarcoding</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sakata</surname>
            <given-names>Ayumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">a_sakata@chiba-muse.or.jp</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Minamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Toshifumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-1622</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sado</surname>
            <given-names>Tetsuya</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4149-9824</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Miya</surname>
            <given-names>Masaki</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">masaki_miya@me.com</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-9886</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Chiba, Japan</addr-line>
        <institution>Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Chiba</addr-line>
        <country>Japan</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Kobe University, Kobe, Japan</addr-line>
        <institution>Kobe University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Kobe</addr-line>
        <country>Japan</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding authors: Ayumi Sakata (<email xlink:type="simple">a_sakata@chiba-muse.or.jp</email>), Masaki Miya (<email xlink:type="simple">masaki_miya@me.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/45DE2349-97B8-5430-BAC5-86946E28289C">45DE2349-97B8-5430-BAC5-86946E28289C</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Ayumi Sakata, Toshifumi Minamoto, Tetsuya Sado, Masaki Miya</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques are increasingly employed in biodiversity monitoring of terrestrial animals, plants, and fungi, holding great potential to revolutionize biodiversity assessments on land. However, sampling and basic laboratory protocols still require refinement to optimize DNA metabarcoding performance. Homogenization as a pretreatment for eDNA extraction is known to enhance the concentration and quality of extracted eDNA for some groups of organisms. We developed a simple and efficient method for capturing arboreal biodiversity using stemflow as a source of eDNA; however, its performance with or without homogenization had not yet been compared. In this study, we evaluated the performance of two different homogenization methods using eDNA metabarcoding and qPCR assays. Metabarcoding analyses revealed that the method without homogenization detected the fewest species, while nearly identical and higher numbers of species were detected in samples subjected to bead-beating and frozen bead-beating homogenization. Similarly, qPCR analyses revealed that the method without homogenization yielded the lowest DNA concentration, while nearly identical and higher DNA yields were observed for bead-beating and frozen bead-beating homogenization. These findings suggest that, considering cost and effort, the bead-beating method without freezing is the most advantageous.</p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>JSPS KAKENHI grant 23K11516</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
