Preprint
ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e160384 (29 May 2025)
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e160384 (29 May 2025)
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ARPHA Preprints
doi:
10.3897/arphapreprints.e160384
First posted
29 May 2025
Authors
Ernesto Azzurro
- Corresponding author
National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies CNR IRBIM, Largo Fiera Della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies CNR IRBIM, Largo Fiera Della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn SZN, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Campus Ecotekne, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Rome, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Rome, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Campus Ecotekne, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant'Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn SZN CRIMAC, Calabria Marine Centre, C. Torre Spaccata 87071, Amendolara, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR IPSP, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute CNR IRSA, Corso Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies CNR IRBIM, Largo Fiera Della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry TESAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences at the Università Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production CNR ISPA, Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521 (Ex Complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant'Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies CNR IRBIM, Largo Fiera Della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo, 90149, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment DAFNAE, University of Padua, viale dell’Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521 (Ex Complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant'Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Via Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR IPSP, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
International Marine Centre IMS, Loc. Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170, Oristano, Italy
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, CNR IPSP, Viale Teresa Michel 31, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute CNR IRSA, Corso Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Torino, Italy
Department of Biology, University of Florence, via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Via Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521 (Ex Complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia UniMoRe, Pad. Besta, via G. Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies STeBiCeF, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 90123, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 7, 27100, Pavia, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate dell'Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Jean Henry Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Museo Storia Naturale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11/A, 43125, Parma, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR IPSP, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, Italy
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant'Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute CNR IRSA, via Roma 3, 74123, Taranto, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council CNR IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, 00196, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute CNR IRSA, via Roma 3, 74123, Taranto, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, 00196, Roma, Italy
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment DAFNAE, University of Padua, viale dell’Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies CNR IRBIM, Largo Fiera Della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali dell'Università di Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95129, Catania, Italy
Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
National Research Council, Institute for Atmospheric Pollution CNR IIA, Group for Earth Observation in Bari, c/o Interateneo Physics Department, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy
Apa-Ct srl, via sacco 22, 47122, Forlì, Italy
Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne, 81, 95124, Catania, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems CNR IRET, Via Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute CNR IRSA, Corso Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Italy
Wilderness studi ambientali, Via Cruillas 27, 90146, Palermo, Italy
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Comiso, Via degli Studi 9m, 97013, Comiso, Italy
Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Bialowieza, Poland
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Supporting agencies
This study was supported by the “@CNR – USEIt project”, funded by the Italian National
Research Council
This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.