Preprint
ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e172797 (23 Sep 2025)
Published in: Population and Economics https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.10.e170643
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ARPHA Preprints
doi: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e172797
First posted 23 Sep 2025
Authors
   
Nuran Halise Belet
Ankara Hacı Bayram University, ANKARA, Turkiye
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Shehzada Ghulam Abbas - Corresponding author
CERGE-EI, Prague, Czech Republic
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Shahzada Rahim Abbas
Ibn Haldun University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Author contributions
All authors have contributed equally. 
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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