Preprint
ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e181034 (02 Dec 2025)
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e181034 (02 Dec 2025)
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ARPHA Preprints
doi:
10.3897/arphapreprints.e181034
First posted
02 Dec 2025
Authors
Valerio Caruso
- Corresponding author
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy, Padova, Italy
Hossein Shirali
- Corresponding author
Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
INRAE EFNO, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma, Italy
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Parco Cascina Vigna, Carmagnola, Carmagnola, Italy
Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Večna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Večna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, 6 Park Dyrekcyjny St., 17-230 Białowieża, Poland, Białowieża, Poland
Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Karlsruhe, Germany
Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, 3 Braci Leśnej St., 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, Raszyn, Poland
INRAE, URZF UR633, Orléans, France
IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, INRAE URZF and Beijing Forestry University, Orleans & Beijing, France
Laboratoire Physiologie, Ecologie et Environnement (P2E), Université d’Orléans, UR 1207, USC-INRAE 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, Orléans 45067, Orleans, France
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, Canada
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent St., Fredericton, NB, E3C 2G6, Fredericton, Canada
Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Karlsruhe, Germany
Davide Rassati
- Corresponding author
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Padova, Italy
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Supporting agencies
This work was supported by the project “Improving Forest Insect Biosecurity in an era of globalization – FORBIO”, funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 1, CUP:C53D23009620001 and B53D23032040001, and partially by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101134200 "FORSAID: Forest surveillance with artificial intelligence and digital technologies". MdG and EG were funded by the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection (Contract No. C2337-23-000026) and Slovenian Research Agency (Research Programme P4-0107); HS and CP were funded by grant #ZF4717901SK9 of the program Natural, Artificial and Cognitive Information Processing (NACIP) of the Helmholtz-Association, German.
This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.