Preprint
ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e184579 (08 Jan 2026)
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e184579 (08 Jan 2026)
Submitted to Metabarcoding and Metagenomics
Other versions:
- Preprint InfoPreprint Info
- CiteCite
- MetricsMetrics
- CommentComment
- RelatedRelated
- CitedCited
ARPHA Preprints
doi:
10.3897/arphapreprints.e184579
First posted
08 Jan 2026
Authors
School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Faculty of Agriculture, Forest Science and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
7Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Laboratory of Biodiversity and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
European Forest Institute, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Biodiversity and Ecology, Plant Science & Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairao, 4485–661 Vairao, Vila do Conde, Portugal
EBM, Estação Biológica de Mertola, Praça Luis de Camoes, Mertola, Mertola, Portugal
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairao, Universidade do Porto, 4485–661 Vairao, Vila do Conde, Portugal
Museum Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Bonn, Germany
Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, München, Germany
Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Sarajevo-Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Departments of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Slovak National Museum—Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia
Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory (eGL), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
Ankara University Aquaculture Research and Application Center (ASAUM), Ankara, Turkiye
AgriGenomics Hub Animal and Plant Genomics Research Innovation Centre, Ankara, Turkiye
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Departamento de Malacología y Carcinología, Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru
Institute of Systematics, Evolution and Biodiversity (ISYEB), MNHN, CNRS, EPHE-PSL, SI, IA, Paris, France
Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Zoological Researchmuseum Koenig (ZFMK), Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology (ZTM), Bonn, Germany
Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
Peter Hollingsworth
- Corresponding author
Royal botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Michal Grabowski
- Corresponding author
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Disclaimer: This article is (co-)authored by any of the Editors-in-Chief, Managing Editors or their deputies in this journal.
Supporting agencies
Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment - HORIZON EUROPE Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment
Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
Bulgarian Science Fund
Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS)
This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.