Characterisation and modelling of the native and invaded niche of castor bean (Ricinus communis): the Iberian Peninsula as a case study

Nicolás Echarren-Lucendo; Isabel Sanmartin Bastida; Ricarda Riina; Tamara Villaverde

doi:10.3897/arphapreprints.e188526

Preprint

ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e188526 (13 Feb 2026)

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ARPHA Preprints

doi: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e188526

First posted 13 Feb 2026

Authors

Nicolás Echarren-Lucendo - Corresponding author

Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain

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Isabel Sanmartin Bastida

Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain

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Ricarda Riina - Corresponding author

Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain

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Tamara Villaverde - Corresponding author

King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain

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Author contributions

NEL and TV designed the research; NEL and TV collected, processed and analyzed the data and wrote the R code. NEL led the writing of the original draft with contributions from all authors. TV, RR and IS contributed through supervision and review and editing of the manuscript, and RR and IS contributed to funding acquisition. All authors discussed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Supporting agencies

BBVA Foundation - Fundación BBVA

This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.