The beak of Camarasaurus: inferring the perioral soft tissues of fossil archosaurs using the rostral neurovascular system

Giacomo Gobbo; Dennis Hansen; Fabio Manucci; Simone Maganuco

doi:10.3897/arphapreprints.e216404

Preprint

ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e216404 (23 Sep 2026)

Submitted to Swiss Journal of Palaeontology

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ARPHA Preprints

doi: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e216404

First posted 23 Sep 2026

Authors

Giacomo Gobbo - Corresponding author

Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, 40126, Bologna, Italy

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Dennis Hansen

Natural History Museum of the University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland

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Fabio Manucci

Associazione Paleontologica e Paleoartistica Italiana (APPI), Parma, Italy

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Simone Maganuco

Sezione di Paleontologia dei Vertebrati, Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milano, Italy

Associazione Paleontologica e Paleoartistica Italiana (APPI), Parma, Italy

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Author contributions

This manuscript is based on the Master thesis project of GG, which was conducted at the University of Bologna (Italy) in collaboration with the Aathal Sauriermuseum (Switzerland). GG and SM designed the presented research paper. GG wrote the manuscript with the contribution of SM and DH. FM carried out the in vivo reconstructions. GG collected the data and performed the statistical analysis. GG performed the photogrammetry, produced the three-dimensional renderings and prepared all figures and tables. All authors read and approved the final version.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.