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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">102</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:73abe0ce-d97c-5d7c-bee5-b8e6e6fe6a17</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">ARPHA Preprints</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">preprints</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/arphapreprints.e86396</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">86396</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="biological_taxon">
          <subject>Bacteria</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Habitat</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="geological_era">
          <subject>Cenozoic</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="geographical_area">
          <subject>Asia</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biogeographic assessment of Gorgonian associated bacteria with antipathogenic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Karimunjawa Marine National Park,  Java Sea, Indonesia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sabdono</surname>
            <given-names>Agus</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">agus_sabdono@yahoo.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Lestari</surname>
            <given-names>Endang Sri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sibero</surname>
            <given-names>Mada T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia</addr-line>
        <institution>Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Semarang 50275</addr-line>
        <country>Indonesia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Marine Science Department, Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia</addr-line>
        <institution>Marine Science Department, Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Diponegoro University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Semarang 50275</addr-line>
        <country>Indonesia</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Agus Sabdono (<email xlink:type="simple">agus_sabdono@yahoo.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/8C50B0E2-D954-5306-99A4-398990C47AB0">8C50B0E2-D954-5306-99A4-398990C47AB0</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Agus Sabdono, Endang Sri Lestari, Mada T. Sibero</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Gorgonian corals of Karimunjawa are impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as increasing high mariculture intensity with consequent eutrophication, overfishing, tourism, sewage, and other pollutant discharge, which result in changes in the microbial community structure. In this study, bacterial communities associated with six species of gorgonian, <a name="_Hlk93391134"><italic>Viminella sp., Ellisella sp., Antipathes sp., Melithaea sp., Astrogorgia sp, and Junceella sp. </italic>from both </a><a name="_Hlk93391941">the </a><a name="_Hlk93396403">Marine Protected Area</a> (MPA) and non-Marine Protected Area (non-MPA) zones were screened for their antipathogenic potential against <a name="_Hlk93352468">Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)</a> pathogens. The selected bacterial isolates were identified and compared for their abundance and diversity between the two zones. <a name="_Hlk99689746">156  bacterial strains were assayed for their prospective antipathogenic compounds against seven UTI pathogens, including</a><italic> Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus saptophyticus, Acinetobacter baumannii</italic><italic>, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans</italic>. The result showed that 17 of  92 (18.48%) and 6 of 64 (9.37 %) bacterial isolates from MPA and non-MPA, respectively, exhibited antimicrobial activity in at least one UTIs pathogens.<italic> </italic>Analyzing the gene of 16S rRNA discovered that <a name="_Hlk93356899">the 17 isolates of MPA were associated with phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, including <italic>Streptomyces zhaozhoue, </italic></a><a name="_Hlk93395660"><italic>Nocardiopsis salina</italic></a><italic>, Micrococcus endophyticus, Brevibacterium casei, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Saccharopolyspora coralli, Bacillus paramycoides, Virgibacillus salarius, Oceanobacillus iheyensis, Vibrio alginolyticus.</italic> In contrast, only six selected isolates of non-MPA were associated with phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, including  <italic>Nocardiopsis salina, Micrococcus yunnanensis, </italic>and<italic> </italic><italic>Acinetobacter soli</italic>. The diversity index (H'), species richness (S), and relative abundance of the MPA zone were higher than that of non-MPA. <a name="_Hlk76461037">These results demonstrated that gorgonian octocoral species<italic> </italic>in the MPA region harbor varied bacteria and propose that many gorgonian-associated bacteria have the prospective for advancing broad-spectrum antibiotics. </a></p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
