Corresponding author: Yohanes Tjitrajaya ( andikatj@unpar.ac.id ) © Yohanes Tjitrajaya, Michelle Handoko. This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation:
Tjitrajaya Y, Handoko M (2025) Gender Segregation in the Indonesian Labor Market: Insights from a Multigroup Analysis. ARPHA Preprints. https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e152732 |
This study examines the combined effects of occupational and sectoral segregation by gender in Indonesia, analyzing both overall patterns and subgroup variations. Using the local segregation method, this research assesses gender segregation across demographic categories, including region (urban and rural), age, education level, marital status, and the presence of young children. The analysis is based on microdata from the 2023 Indonesian Labor Survey (Sakernas). Findings indicate that female workers face significantly higher segregation levels than males, despite their lower employment share. Segregation is particularly pronounced in urban areas, with urban females experiencing the highest levels. Among age groups, elderly females exhibit the most severe segregation. While higher education reduces segregation among females, gender disparities persist when compared to males. Additionally, family characteristics play a crucial role, as female workers with young children or those in non-widowed marital statuses encounter higher segregation than males. To overcome these challenges, targeted policies are needed to remove barriers. This includes offering incentives for employers to create workplaces that support women, such as childcare assistance and programs for elderly women, widows, and divorced women. Additionally, expanding education access and encouraging gender equality in male-dominated fields may help reduce segregation and improve women's well-being at work.